See besme in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "besom"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "besom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bissom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bussom"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bissome"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "besom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bissom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bussom"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bussome"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "besma",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English besma",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "besma"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English besma",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*besmō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *besmō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English besma, from Proto-West Germanic *besmō.\nMany modern dialects reflect /i/ or (with open-syllable lengthening) /eː/ rather than the /ɛ/ that would be expected from Old English -e-, presumably continuing the Old English collateral form bisme.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "besmes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "besmen",
"tags": [
"error-unknown-tag",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beseme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besome",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bisme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "beesme",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "besm",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "besom",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "bysme",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "besum",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besume",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besumme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besowme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "besme",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"pl2": "besmen",
"pl2_qual": "early"
},
"expansion": "besme (plural besmes or (early) besmen)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "59 41",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Tools",
"orig": "enm:Tools",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A broom (device for sweeping)"
],
"id": "en-besme-enm-noun-cn5ybKlF",
"links": [
[
"broom",
"broom"
],
[
"sweep",
"sweep#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "brom"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "25 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 78",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 58",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Cleaning",
"orig": "enm:Cleaning",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bundle of sticks; a faggot."
],
"id": "en-besme-enm-noun-yRywY6hM",
"links": [
[
"bundle",
"bundle"
],
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"faggot",
"faggot"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) A bundle of sticks; a faggot."
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛzmə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛzəm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbeːzmə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbeːzəm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbiz-/",
"note": "from Old English bisme"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"open-syllable lengthening"
],
"word": "besme"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Cleaning",
"enm:Tools"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "besom"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "besom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bissom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bussom"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bissome"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "besom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bissom"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bussom"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bussome"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "besma",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English besma",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "besma"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English besma",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*besmō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *besmō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English besma, from Proto-West Germanic *besmō.\nMany modern dialects reflect /i/ or (with open-syllable lengthening) /eː/ rather than the /ɛ/ that would be expected from Old English -e-, presumably continuing the Old English collateral form bisme.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "besmes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "besmen",
"tags": [
"error-unknown-tag",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beseme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besome",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bisme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "beesme",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "besm",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "besom",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "bysme",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "besum",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besume",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besumme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "besowme",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "besme",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"pl2": "besmen",
"pl2_qual": "early"
},
"expansion": "besme (plural besmes or (early) besmen)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A broom (device for sweeping)"
],
"links": [
[
"broom",
"broom"
],
[
"sweep",
"sweep#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "brom"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Early Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"A bundle of sticks; a faggot."
],
"links": [
[
"bundle",
"bundle"
],
[
"stick",
"stick"
],
[
"faggot",
"faggot"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English) A bundle of sticks; a faggot."
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛzmə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛzəm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbeːzmə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbeːzəm/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbiz-/",
"note": "from Old English bisme"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"open-syllable lengthening"
],
"word": "besme"
}
Download raw JSONL data for besme meaning in Middle English (3.5kB)
{
"called_from": "core/1021",
"msg": "too many args (3) in argument reference: ('pageref', '\\U001020f5', '\\U001020f1')",
"path": [
"besme",
"Template:R:en:Cowling:1915"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "besme",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "core/1021",
"msg": "too many args (3) in argument reference: ('urlpage', '\\U0010210b', '\\U001020f1')",
"path": [
"besme",
"Template:R:en:Hedevind:1967"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "besme",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "core/1021",
"msg": "too many args (3) in argument reference: ('urlpage', '\\U0010210b', '\\U001020f1')",
"path": [
"besme",
"Template:R:en:Wright:1892"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "besme",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "core/1021",
"msg": "too many args (3) in argument reference: ('pageref', '\\U001020f5', '\\U001020f1')",
"path": [
"besme",
"Template:R:en:Cowling:1915"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "besme",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "core/1021",
"msg": "too many args (3) in argument reference: ('urlpage', '\\U0010210b', '\\U001020f1')",
"path": [
"besme",
"Template:R:en:Hedevind:1967"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "besme",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "core/1021",
"msg": "too many args (3) in argument reference: ('urlpage', '\\U0010210b', '\\U001020f1')",
"path": [
"besme",
"Template:R:en:Wright:1892"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "",
"title": "besme",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.